Clearance - Space created by the removal of additional tool material from behind the relief angle.

DESIGN CRITERIA

• Angular Edge - That cutting edge that is a straight line, forming an angle with the cutter axis. The surface produced by a cutting edge of this type will not be flat as is the case with a helical cutting edge.

  Axial Runout - The difference between the highest and lowest indicator reading taken at the face of a cutter near the outer diameter.

  Chamfer - A short relieved flat installed where the periphery and face of a cutter meet. Used to strengthen the otherwise weak corner.

  Chip Breakers - Special geometry of the rake face that causes the chip to curl tightly and break.

  Chip Splitters - Notches in the circumference of a Corn cob style End mill cutter resulting in narrow chips. Suitable for rough machining.

  Core Diameter - The diameter of a cylinder ( or cone shape with tapered End mills) tangent to the flutes at the deepest point.

  Counterbore - A recess in a non-end cutting tool to facilitate grinding.

  Cutter Sweep (Runout) - Material removed by the fluting cutter (or grinding wheel) at the end of the flute.

  Cutting Edge (A) - The leading edge of the cutter tooth. The intersection of two finely finished surfaces, generally of an included angle of less than 90 degrees.

  Cutting Edge Angle - The angle formed by the cutting edge and the tool axis.

  Differential pitch cutters - A specifically designed variation in the radial spacing of the cutter teeth. This provides a variation in tooth spacing and can be beneficial in reducing chatter. This concept is based on reducing the harmonic effect of the tool contacting the part in an exact moment of vibration.

  Entrance Angle - The angle formed by a line through the center of the cutter at 90 to the direction of feed and a radial line through the initial point of contact. As this angle approaches 90 degrees the shock loading is increased.

  Entrance Angle: Ramp-in - Angle or radius value to enter the cutter into the part surface

  Fillet - The radius at the bottom of the flute, from which core diameter is found.

  Flute - Space between cutting teeth providing chip space and regrinding capabilities. The number of cutting edges. Sometimes referred to as "teeth" or "gullet". The number on an end mill will determine the feed rate.

  

  Flute Length - Length of flutes or grooves. Often used incorrectly to denote cutting length.

  Shank - Projecting portion of cutter which locates and drives the cutter from the machine spindle or adapter

  Straight Shank - Cylindrical shank, with or without driving flats or notches, often seen on carbide end mills

  Weldon Shank - Industry name for a specific type of shank with a drive and location flat. The flat on the cutter provides positive ( non slip ) driving surface to the End mill.

  Tooth - The cutting edge of the End mill.

  Tooth Face - Also known as the Rake Face. The portion of the tooth upon which the tooth meets the part.

  END MILL TECHNICAL FEATURES

  Back taper - A slight taper resulting in the shank end of the cutting diameter being smaller than the cutting end. This condition aids not only the plunging or drilling condition but also tends to compensate for deflection.

• Gash (Notch) - The secondary cuts on a tool to provide chip space at corners and ends. The space forming the end cutting edge, which is used when feeding axially.

  Gash angle - The relief angle of the gash feature.

  Gash width - The width of the gash feature. The space between cutting edges, which provides chip space and resharpening capabilities. Sometimes called the flute.

  Heel - The back edge of the relieved land. It is the surface of the tooth trailing the cutting edge.

  Helical - A cutting edge or flute which progresses uniformly around a cylindrical surface in an axial direction. The normal helical direction is a right direction spiral.

  Helix Angle - The angle formed by a line tangent to the helix and a plane through the axis of the cutter or the cutting edge angle which a helical cutting edge makes with a plane containing the axis of a cylindrical cutter.

  Hook - A term used to refer to a concave condition of a tooth face. This term implies a curved surface rather than a straight surface. Hook must be measured at the cutting edge, making measurement difficult.

  Land - The narrow surface of a profile sharpened cutter tooth immediately behind the cutting edge,

  (A) Cylindrical - a narrow portion of the peripheral land, adjacent to the cutting edge, having no radial relief.

  (B) Relieved - A portion of the land adjacent to the cutting edge, which provides relief.

  Lead - The axial advance of a helical cutting edge in one revolution.

                        Lead = (Cutter diameter x Pi) / Tangent Helix Angle

• Length of Cut (Flute Length) - The effective axial length of the peripheral cutting edge which has been relieved to cut. 

  Radial Rake angle - The angle made by the rake face and a radius measured in a plane normal to the axis.

• Rake - The angular relationship between the tooth face or a tangent to the tooth face at a given point and a reference plane or line. An angular feature ground onto the surface of an end mill.

  • Axial rake - The angle formed by a plane passing through the axis and a line coinciding with or tangent to the tooth face.

    Effective rake - The rake angle influencing chip formation most is that measured normal to the cutting edge. The effective rake angle is greatly affected by the radial and axial rakes only when corner angles are involved.

    Helical rake - For most purposes the terms helical and axial rake can be used interchangeably. It is the inclination of the tooth face with reference to a plane through the cutter axis.

    Negative Rake - Exists when the initial contact between tool and workpiece occurs at a point or line on the tooth other than the cutting edge. The rake surface leads the cutting edge.

    Positive Rake - Exists when the initial contact between the cutter and the workpiece occurs at the cutting edge. The cutting edge leads the rake surface.

• Relief-Space - Provided by removing material immediately behind the cutting edge. Done to eliminate the possibility of heeling or rubbing.

  • Axial angle relief - The angle made by a line tangent to the relieved surface at the end cutting edge and a plane normal to the axis.

    Axial relief - The relief measured in the axial direction between a plane perpendicular to the axis at the cutting edge and the relieved surface. Helps to prevent rubbing as the corner wears.

    Concave relief - The relieved surface behind the cutting edge having a concave form. Produced by a grinding wheel set at 90 degrees to the cutter axis.

    Eccentric relief - The relieved surface behind the cutting edge having a convex form. Produced by a type I wheel presented at an angle to the cutter axis.

    End relief - Relief on the end of an end mill. Needed only for plunging cutters and to relieve rubbing as the result of corner wear.

    Flat relief - The relieved surface behind the cutting edge having a flat surface produced by the face of a cup wheel.

    Radial relief - Relief in a radial direction measured in the plane of rotation. It can be measured by the amount of indicator drop at a given radius in a given amount of angular rotation.

    Tangential rake angle - The angle made by a line tangent to a hooked tooth at the cutting edge and a radius passing through the same point in plane normal to the axis..